Helen Vardon’s Confession by R. Austin Freeman is a detective novel written in the early 20th century. It centers on Helen Vardon, a solicitor’s daughter, whose father’s misapplied trust funds lead to blackmail and a coerced marriage proposal. The narrative promises a blend of domestic tragedy, romance, and crime as Helen’s sacrifice draws her into deeper peril. The opening of the novel presents Helen deciding to set down her story after glimpsing a first white hair, a small shock that recalls past terrors. She overhears a devastating conversation: her father has improperly used trust money, faces possible imprisonment, and a powerful acquaintance, Lewis Otway, offers to cover the loss if she will marry him. Fearing her father may take a desperate way out, Helen secretly meets Otway, signs a written promise to marry under strict conditions, and obtains his letter that temporarily removes the threat, which she delivers unseen to calm her father. Over the next days she hides her plan, writes a brief farewell-explanation, and arranges a clandestine ceremony. At the mission church, numb and detached, she stands with Otway as the hurried, hushed marriage service begins, her vows spoken as a grim act of rescue rather than love. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"The Movie Boys in the Jungle: or, Lively Times Among the Wild Beasts" by Victor Appleton is a juvenile adventure novel written in the early 20th century. It follows moving-picture operators Joe Duncan and Blake Stewart as they head to Africa to rescue Joe’s sister Jessie from a troubled mission station while filming wild animals in their native habitats. Alongside Joe’s father and the gloom-prone comedian C. C. Piper, they balance a rescue mission with a daring contract to capture authentic jungle footage. Expect travel, peril, and resourceful camerawork amid wild beasts and wary tribes. The opening of the story shows Joe and Blake finishing lighthouse scenes on the California coast before learning that Joe’s sister, first thought to be in China, has instead gone to a remote station in Africa. En route east with their theatrical company, their train sideswipes a circus train; the boys film the chaos (including a briefly freed lion), impressing circus manager Harry Stone, who hires them to obtain true jungle animal pictures. They sail via Naples and Suez—where grim news reports say Jessie’s mission has been raided and the missionaries carried into the interior—yet press on with Mr. Duncan and a newly revealed shipmate, C. C. Piper. Reaching Mombasa, they take the Uganda Railway toward Victoria Nyanza, film buffalo and a rhino near the line, hire veteran guide Sergeant Hotchkiss, assemble a safari with native porters led by “Happy One,” and prepare to cross the lake to Entebbe to begin the search in earnest. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Magyar könyv : Egy csapat elbeszélés" by Ernő Szép is a collection of short stories written in the early 20th century. In lyrical, image-rich prose it portrays Hungarian village and small-town life, where everyday routines, petty cruelties, and sudden tenderness mingle. The likely focus is intimate character portraits—an imperious elderly matron, her stoic factotum, and unruly boys—set against the rhythms and losses of a rural world. The opening of the collection follows Karacsné nagyasszony, an eighty-year-old fixture on her porch, and her servant Iszpász Sámuel, amid painstakingly rendered scenes of evening milking: seven cows with distinct names, neighbors’ servants queuing for warm milk, and the perpetual sweeping beneath a great mulberry tree. A street urchin, Három Pista, raids the tree, prompting Karacsné’s fury and Iszpász’s hapless threats with a pitchfork. When a sudden foot-and-mouth outbreak kills all seven cows, the tone softens: another boy, Császi, returns to the tree and Karacsné, subdued by loss, permits him—and soon a troop of children—to eat the fallen fruit. The section closes with a brief, rhapsodic meditation on childhood’s sharp sweetness, echoing the eper’s taste and the fleeting mercy that tempers the old woman’s hardness. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Hungarian grammar" by Charles Arthur Ginever and Ilona De Györy Ginever is a language textbook written in the early 20th century. It presents a practical, streamlined introduction to Hungarian aimed at learners, emphasizing pronunciation, vowel harmony, suffix-based grammar, and clear usage rules, with exercises, vocabularies, and everyday phrases. The opening of this grammar explains its aim to dispel the idea that Hungarian is hard, then lays out the alphabet, sounds, and vowel harmony (flat, sharp, mediate), compound consonants, and fixed stress. It introduces articles (a/az, and the sparing use of egy), basic noun number formation (including special plural patterns and contractions), and four core cases expressed by suffixes, with possession handled via personal endings and the “van” construction instead of “to have.” It then details personal possessive suffixes, and the language’s extensive place-and-direction system through suffixes and postpositions (with pronominal forms), followed by adjectives (attributive vs. predicative, comparison with -bb and leg-), numerals, and telling time. The verb section begins with the central contrast between definite and indefinite conjugations tied to object definiteness, outlines iktelen and ikes patterns with key tenses, notes the absence of a passive, and highlights features like -lak/-lek when “I” acts on “you,” all reinforced by brief exercises and word lists. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"La chasse au météore" by Jules Verne is a novel written in 1901 and published posthumously in 1908. The story follows two rival amateur astronomers in a small American town who both claim discovery of a new meteor. When the meteor proves to be made of solid gold, their competition intensifies. Meanwhile, an eccentric inventor develops a device capable of controlling where the precious celestial object will fall. More social satire than science fiction, the novel lampoons human greed, obsession, and vanity. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Pelle Erobreren 2: Læreaar" by Martin Andersen Nexø is a novel published in 1907. This second volume of the four-part series follows young Pelle Karlsson during his apprenticeship years after leaving rural Bornholm for Copenhagen. As an immigrant from Sweden navigating Denmark's capital, Pelle encounters harsh working conditions that will shape his path toward leadership in the labor movement. Drawing from Nexø's own experiences, this Bildungsroman chronicles one young man's journey through the social and economic struggles of late 19th-century Denmark. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"North" by James B. Hendryx is a novel written in the early 20th century. Set in the Yukon during the first fever of the Klondike discoveries, it follows the legendary sourdough Burr MacShane, whose skill, generosity, and restless urge for new country shape a vivid portrait of frontier life. Around him gather miners, gamblers, and dance-hall girls in early Dawson, where hard work, risk, and rough fellowship define the camp. The story blends gold-rush stakes with frontier ethics as MacShane turns from certain riches toward the unknown “north.” The opening of the novel plunges into Dawson’s first winter after Bonanza and Gold Bottom, where men “burn in” frozen ground, then drift to town for Christmas. MacShane proves his claim’s richness with a pan worth over a hundred dollars, organizes a joyous, improvised children’s Christmas at the Golden North Saloon, and watches Horse Face Joe play an inspired night that ends in a fatal binge. Old Man Gordon—pious, stubborn, and poor—loses at cribbage, tries to wager his claim, and is refused; later, MacShane quietly returns the gold he won by salting Gordon’s shaft for the sake of Gordon’s wife and daughter. When Gordon washes a spectacular pan the next day and a stampede brews, Camillo Bill reveals the truth, averts chaos, and forms a working partnership on MacShane’s claims—just as MacShane slips out of Dawson, following his hunch farther into the dark, frigid North. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Jokamies: Vanha näytelmä rikkaan miehen kuolemasta" by Hugo von Hofmannsthal is a morality play written in the early 20th century. It reimagines the medieval Everyman story: a prosperous man is summoned by Death to render an account of his life before God. The drama follows the wealthy Jokamies as he searches for companionship and help on his last journey, finding that worldly ties fail while spiritual virtues may endure. Expect allegorical figures and a sober meditation on wealth, repentance, and salvation. The opening of the play sets a sacred frame: God laments human forgetfulness and sends Death to summon a rich man to judgment. Jokamies boasts of his wealth, spurns a needy neighbor, and coldly defends usury; his mother urges him toward repentance and marriage, but he turns instead to revels with his beloved and friends. In the midst of a feast he hears ominous calls; Death appears and commands him to come at once, granting only a brief chance to find a companion. His closest friend and two cousins refuse to go; his servants flee; even Mammon rises from his treasure chest to mock him and deny aid. At last a frail figure—Good Deeds—answers his call, revealing herself weakened by his neglect yet willing to help if she can. The excerpt closes with her urging him toward true contrition as his reckoning nears. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

Ilotyttö : Tarina laitakaupungilta by Larin-Kyösti is a naturalist urban novella written in the early 20th century. It follows a young working-class woman on the city’s margins and explores the pull of poverty, desire, and social hypocrisy, especially how respectable men exploit vulnerable women while society punishes the victims. The story centers on Miili, a country-bred maid unjustly dismissed after her employer’s advance is discovered. On the street she meets her old friend Mirtsa, now a prostitute, and is drawn to a brothel by the sea. There, the young student Lenni flirts with her, and a violent scene erupts when his father appears as a customer; father and son recognize one another, shattering their family bond. In the darkness that follows, Miili is seized by an unknown man who, when light reveals his face, proves to be her brother Toivo—both recoil in horror; he smashes the mirror and flees as the police raid the house. At dawn, summoned for registration, Miili trudges through fresh snow toward the city, seeing the black trail of her footprints as a stark emblem of a fate that society has marked out for her. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"The new art of writing plays by Lope de Vega" is a dramaturgical treatise in verse from the Spanish Golden Age, likely the early 17th century. It outlines how to craft stage plays that satisfy audience taste while engaging with classical theory, blending practical stagecraft with a poet’s reflections on comedy and tragedy. The book opens with a contextual introduction that sets the author alongside the great innovators of popular theater and frames his core paradox: he knows the classical rules yet openly breaks them to please the paying crowd. The central poem addresses an academy, briefly surveys the origins of comedy and tragedy, and then offers concise, practice-first guidance: choose a single, coherent action; build plays in three acts; compress time where possible; keep the stage seldom empty; delay the resolution until the final moments; and mix tragic and comic tones for variety. It advises writing the plan in prose before versifying, matching speech to character and situation, and using distinct verse forms for different purposes (for lament, narration, high matters, or love). It favors themes of honor and virtue, warns against impossibilities and open satire, prescribes moderate length, and urges decorum and plausible costume. The author closes by acknowledging his own vast, rule-breaking output and defending it on the grounds that playwrights must live by pleasing the public. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Russian essays and stories" by Maurice Baring is a collection of essays and short stories written in the early 20th century. It offers a wide-ranging portrait of Russian life—travel sketches, cultural criticism, stage and literature notes, and reportage—rounded off with short fiction drawn from the same milieu. The emphasis is on impartial, first-hand observation of ordinary people—peasants, workers, soldiers, officials, and merchants—encountered across trains, rivers, fairs, and provincial towns. The opening of the collection frames a pledge of non-polemical truth-telling in a witty dedication and preface, then launches into vivid travel pieces. First come third-class railway journeys north and west of Moscow: cramped night rides, sharp dialogue about the Duma and mutinies, a comic quarrel with a guard, Kronstadt dockers trading English phrases, a near-theft at Vologda station, and recruits and a feldsher debating war and reform. Next, the Volga voyage unfolds: Yaroslavl’s twilight streets, the teeming Nijni-Novgorod Fair and its Liberal press, family debates over a borrowed novel, and the river’s grandeur down past Kazan, Samara, Saratov, and Tzaritsyn to Astrakhan—punctuated by generous third-class cabins, Cossack banter, a would‑be opera singer, folk hauling songs, and the night scent of new-mown hay. Returning inland, station halls brim with sleepers and sunflower seeds, and a guarded cashier hints at unrest. The sketches then shift south to contrast Central and Little Russia, a blind hurdy-gurdy player, and a train debate where a soldier’s blunt theism clashes with a monk—leading to reflections on the peasants’ practical mysticism capped by two stark anecdotes. A talk with a moderate landowner probes “culture” and weighs Turgenev’s artistry against the tougher realities of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky, and the final pages begin the ceremony of casting a village bell. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"The history of fashion in France : or, the dress of women from the Gallo-Roman…." by Augustin Challamel is a historical account written in the late 19th century. It charts the evolution of French women’s dress from ancient Gaul through the Middle Ages to the author’s present, treating clothing as a social and moral barometer. The work highlights Paris’s leadership in style and the roles of actresses, fashion journals, and even dressed dolls in spreading trends, and it promises a period-by-period survey from the Gallo-Roman era onward. The opening of the volume presents fashion as a serious lens on society, quoting poets, praising Frenchwomen’s taste, and placing Paris at the center of global style. It illustrates celebrity influence with Mlle. Mars’s famous yellow gown, sketches the rise of fashion media from Amman’s Gynæceum to Lamésangère’s Journal des Dames et des Modes, mentions dolls used to export styles, and lays out a plan to cover each era. The first chapters then describe Gallic and Gallo-Roman attire—woad-stained skin yielding to tunics, veils (mavors and palla), Roman stolae, perfumes and cosmetics, jewelry, specialized footwear, fans, and cooling amber or crystal balls—before moving to Merovingian and early Carlovingian fashions shaped by Frankish rule: skins and camlets, coifs and veils (including the obbou), jeweled belts, braided hair, and modesty enforced by custom and church. They profile royal women and manuscript images to detail belts, veils, colors, and cleanliness (including baths), and then trace the shift to distinctly French medieval styles: dominical veils, bliauds and garde-corps, afiche clasps and serpent-trains, surcoats and hoods, emblazoned gowns, and a growing variety of fabrics. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

The Palace of Fantasy; or, The Bard’s Imagery; with Other Poems by J. S. Hardy is a collection of poetry written in the mid-19th century. It centers on an extended allegorical tour in which personified Fantasy appoints a Bard to guide a crowd through a visionary palace and across the realms of Nature, Art, Learning, and Science. The aim is to delight and morally elevate the careworn, turning everyday drudgery toward wonder, knowledge, and a nobler destiny. The opening of the work frames the design: Fantasy’s herald summons a weary populace to a hidden palace, where a page attires them and a saloon of living tapestries sets the tone for a grand imaginative voyage. Dan Fantasy addresses the crowd with compassion and assigns the Bard to lead them first through subterranean caverns and grottoes to marvels of the earth, then out to vast prospects. The path forks into four domains; beginning with Nature, the Bard swiftly paints Alpine heights, polar ice, torrents and ocean storms, basalt caves, island lakes, and deep forests, mixing awe with moral reflection and a hope of future peace. Turning to Art, the tour surveys ancient wonders and ruins, then a gallery of masters, music, and sculpture, and glimpses of Milton, Newton, and Shakespeare, before celebrating modern invention from steam power to the printing press. In Learning, the company wanders academies and libraries among the great names of philosophy and letters. In Science, they ascend a night-tower to read the heavens—moon, planets, comets, and the milky way—and the Bard closes this opening movement with reflections on cosmic order and the earth’s harmonious course. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"La signora Inger di Östrot" by Henrik Ibsen is a play written in the mid-19th century. Set in 16th-century Norway, it is a historical drama of political intrigue and moral reckoning, centered on Lady Inger, her daughter Elina, the Danish courtier Nils Lykke, and the exiled noble Olaf Skaktavl as rebellion brews and a rumored Sture heir unsettles the region. The work explores how private guilt and ambition collide with national hopes, with a powerful matriarch forced to choose between prudence and revolt. The opening of the play shows Östrot at night during a storm: servants gossip about Norway’s decline and a black-clad presence haunting the manor, while peasants demand arms to join the Dalecarlian rising. Lady Inger first yields, then abruptly halts their departure after a secret letter warns of a visitor, sparking a fierce clash with Elina over past compromises, a sister sacrificed to a political marriage, and another ruined by a seducer. The ragged stranger proves to be Olaf Skaktavl, who presses for action as a Danish envoy, Nils Lykke, arrives with smooth promises and a hidden plan to ensnare the Sture pretender; Inger parries him, even staging a mock “poisoned cup” test to expose both Danish and compatriot mistrust. Act III opens with Elina’s proud defiance as Lykke tries to charm and justify himself, turning their midnight encounter into a tense duel of hatred, persuasion, and unsettled feeling. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Blue eyes and diamonds by Lemuel De Bra" is a short crime caper written in the late 1920s. It centers on a society wife''s risky scheme to fake a jewel robbery to cover her gambling losses, entangling a straight-arrow detective and her well-meaning husband in a clever, lighthearted twist on theft and trust. Betty Danford, having pawned her diamond wedding necklace and replaced it with paste, begs Detective Harry Milholland—an old suitor—to arrange a staged burglary to “steal” the fake and keep her secret. Her plan unravels when her husband, Chester, reveals he has quietly redeemed the real necklace and hidden it back in her dressing table. Panicked, Betty rushes to stop the planned theft, only to witness what looks like a thief flinging the necklace into the river. The sting is then revealed: Harry had told Chester, they orchestrated a fake confrontation, and the tossed necklace was only the paste copy. With the truth out and the real diamonds safe, Betty faces a gentle moral reckoning, reconciles with her husband, and the tale ends on a playful, affectionate note. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Gleanings in Europe : Italy, vol. 1 of 2" by James Fenimore Cooper is a travelogue written in the early 19th century. It presents an American traveler’s lettered impressions of Italy’s cities, roads, art, inns, and society, mixing scenes on the way with historical reflection and sharp, often humorous, observation. The narrative moves from market squares and river crossings to galleries, salons, and a ducal court, shaping a vivid portrait of Italy’s landscapes and manners as seen by a curious, independent-minded visitor. The opening of the work follows the narrator from Milan across the Lombard plain to Lodi (with a quack tooth-puller and heaps of frog legs), offering a skeptical retelling of the battle at the Adda before crossing the Po to Piacenza and through the duchy of Parma, Modena, and Bologna. He notes Austrian garrisons and decayed brick walls, learns to bargain at inns, inspects Castle Guelfo, admires Parma’s Correggio and the separate campanile and baptistery, remarks on Modena’s polished composition floors, and strolls Bologna’s snow-proof arcades and leaning towers. A mountain crossing brings a comic scare about banditti (a “suspect” peasant proves to be summoning oxen), a courier’s trick that costs him rooms, a solitary inn with honest hosts, and finally Florence—with its marbled cathedral square and oversized mosquitoes. Settling in a Florentine palazzo-fortress, he describes cheap grand lodgings, noble families selling wine by the flask, the gentle, indolent Tuscan temperament, and moving encounters with antique masterpieces in the tribune, then surveys a cosmopolitan winter scene: diplomats, English amateur theatricals (and a coarse caricature of Americans), Prince Borghese’s receptions, and a starry opera audience. A coastal excursion takes him through Lucca and Pisa (arguing the leaning tower was designed to lean), the Campo Santo and tiny Moorish-gothic Spina chapel, and to Leghorn’s port where he relishes the sea air, hears praise of the American ship Delaware, visits the Protestant cemetery (Smollett and a fallen U.S. officer), and warns invalids off Italy’s winter climate. He then recounts a formal audience at the Pitti—details of dress, etiquette, Habsburg-Lorraine succession, and a frank exchange with the Grand Duke about America—closing with political reflections on monarchy and aristocracy. The section ends amid carnival gaiety at a masked ball, with white dominos, a Polish dance, towering English guardsmen, and musings on how easy travel blends nations and spreads opinions. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Kaspar Hauser : Beispiel eines Verbrechens am Seelenleben des Menschen" by Anselm Ritter von Feuerbach is a legal-psychological case study written in the early 19th century. It investigates the sensational appearance of the foundling Kaspar Hauser in Nuremberg, recording his condition, behaviors, and the documents and objects found with him. Through careful observation and legal reasoning, it contends that beyond unlawful imprisonment and exposure, a profound offense was committed against a human mind. The opening of the work recounts Hauser’s sudden arrival in Nuremberg: a staggering youth in peasant dress who could barely walk, repeated set phrases, refused meat and beer, ate only bread and water, and yet wrote his name clearly. Taken to the police tower, he is inventoried (ill-fitting clothes, devotional tracts, a rosary) and found with letters addressed to a cavalry officer and notes hinting at his supposed birth and soldier father; medical observations describe soft, blistered feet, unusual knees, and extreme sensitivity. His behavior is strikingly childlike—few words (calling people “boys” and all animals “horses”), terror of black animals, fascination with toy horses, astonishment at mirrors and music, and no grasp of religion—while the jailer Hiltel and visitors attest to his innocence and rapid, effortful learning. As crowds gather, Professor Daumer begins to teach him and the mayor Binder pieces together an initial narrative: lifelong confinement in a small dark room, fed bread and water (sometimes drugged), nails trimmed in sleep, a hidden keeper who guided his hand to write and later forced him to stand and walk, then carried him out and abandoned him in the city. Feuerbach frames this as aggravated unlawful imprisonment and life-endangering exposure, proposing a broader “crime against the soul.” The author’s first visit adds vivid details: hypersensitive eyes, facial tics under mental strain, third‑person self-reference, a strong preference for red, and a fierce, touching eagerness to learn and draw. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Ellice Quentin, and other stories" by Julian Hawthorne is a collection of short stories written in the late 19th century. The volume blends psychological romance, social satire, and moral crisis, opening with a passionate love story that collides with ambition and fate, and shifting to continental settings for intrigue and adventure. Its characters—most notably the mercurial Ellice Quentin and the steadfast barrister Geoffrey Herne—face choices where love, pride, and worldly allure pull in opposite directions. The opening of the book begins with a preface championing brevity in fiction, then launches into Ellice Quentin: Geoffrey and Ellice fall intensely in love, but she abandons their engagement to secure an inheritance through marriage to another man, only to return years later torn between worldly glitter and the deeper claim of love. A charged reunion at a garden party leads to Geoffrey’s uncompromising ultimatum; two years on, she reappears saying she has left her husband, but Geoffrey reveals he is engaged to Gertrude. Ellice insists on meeting the new fiancée, pours three glasses of wine, and, having contrived a fatal choice for herself alone, dies moments after toasting them, leaving Geoffrey stricken and Gertrude stunned. The next tale, The Countess’s Ruby, opens on a Norman seaside: an English artist-narrator and his ardent American poet friend trade banter amid beach theatrics, a striking “pagan” beauty in a canoe, and a comic mishap with a missing peignoir, before a fog rolls in and the swimmer-poet vanishes into the haze, hinting at peril and further intrigue. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Yleiskatsaus äänioikeusasiaan Suomessa by Santeri Ivalo" is a political pamphlet written in the late 19th century. The book examines the suffrage question in Finland, arguing that existing voting arrangements are unjust and outdated, and calls for broader, fairer participation in public life. The author opens with Finland’s rapid 19th‑century progress and the ensuing “backlash,” then surveys, in turn, rural municipal elections, rural elections to the peasants’ estate, urban municipal elections, urban elections to the burghers’ estate, and church elections. He shows how property-based and weighted voting (with multiple votes tied to tax payments) lets a small, wealthy minority overrule majorities, how indirect elections dampen civic engagement, and how high tax thresholds exclude many workers entirely. He demands immediate, practical reforms within the four-estate system: extend the franchise in the countryside to all tax‑paying, reputable residents; abolish indirect elections; set a clear, low suffrage threshold; and replace all vote-scaling with equal voting—“one man, one vote.” He identifies reform of the burghers’ estate as pivotal for broader change, supports curbing wealth-based dominance in church elections, and reinforces his case with stark numerical examples showing how little of the nation truly holds power. He concludes that equal suffrage is both a question of justice and a national necessity to strengthen unity and self-government. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Raquel of the ranch country" by Alida Malkus is a novel written in the early 20th century. It follows Raquel Daniels, a capable Texas ranch girl sent to a fashionable Hudson River boarding school, where she collides with class snobbery yet finds a true friend in Anne Marvin. As the Great War intrudes, Raquel is called home to manage the Lazy L ranch, shifting from social unease to frontier responsibility. The tale promises an East–West contrast and a coming-of-age story about grit, loyalty, and leadership. The opening of the novel finds Raquel arriving at The Towers, where she is coolly rebuffed by the glamorous Lois Wainwright but rescued by the independent Anne, who becomes her roommate and ally. Raquel struggles with manners and cliques, is slighted over a Red Cross fair, yet shows her poise and skill on horseback and enjoys a transformative Thanksgiving with Anne’s family. A telegram ends her school stay: her father enlists in wartime animal transport and summons her to run the ranch, while Lois leaves to accompany her ill father west. Home again, Raquel is warmly welcomed and hears her father’s sober briefing—ship a thousand head, meet pressing bank notes, avoid dubious commission men, and beware rival cattleman A. B. Meyers. After he departs, she starts taking charge, correcting a reckless hand, finding supplies run down, and facing early signs of missing calves that may mean rustling. The section closes with her bracing for these first tests to keep the Lazy L solvent through a hard season. (This is an automatically generated summary.)