"On the face of the flood by Mary E. Ropes" is a short Christian adventure novella for young readers, written in the late 19th to early 20th century. Set in the Russian forests and riverways at spring flood, it follows an orphan’s raft journey that brings him into contact with thieves and would‑be rescuers, with a clear emphasis on Providence, honesty, and courage. Sergey, mistreated by his drunken uncle Abram Kapoostin, finds a ruby ring engraved “Yevgen to Elena” and places it in safe hands before fleeing on a timber raft, the Swan, under the care of the kindly foreman Matvey’s friends. Kidnapped by Abram and taken to a forest band, he refuses to join them and is released on his promise not to betray them. The voyage brings dangers and rescues: rapids, fishing, and a night attack by a lynx that injures the skipper Ivan; a chance meeting with a lady who proves to be the ring’s owner; and the saving of Olga—Abram’s estranged wife—who is later reunited with her lost daughter. Warned of a timber thief, Issakoff, the crew are trapped by a ruse, but Sergey hides, frees his bound companions, and the Swan escapes. After delivering the raft, news comes that Abram has been arrested, and Olga’s brother Appolon, once among the bandits, repents and reforms. Returning home, Sergey is welcomed as a son by Matvey and Christina, and the story closes on its guiding thread: that duty can be done, and out of evil God brings good to those who trust Him. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"The X Bar X boys at the round-up" by James Cody Ferris is a juvenile Western adventure novel written in the early 20th century. It follows teenage brothers Roy and Teddy Manley on the X Bar X ranch as they navigate round-up season, test their horsemanship, and face threats on the open range. Early signs point to trouble from suspicious “buyers” and possible rustling, alongside rodeo ambitions and classic Western hazards. The opening of the novel finds Roy and Teddy riding fence, worrying over a mysterious rider and the inquisitive Lefton brothers, when a wolf chase turns into a desperate flight from a ravenous pack—ended only by a timely rescue from the Leftons and their partner, Mob Jamisson. Invited to the trio’s camp, Roy later sneaks back under a pretext and overhears talk of “cars,” an “eight mile” run, and hundreds of head—hinting at a scheme. A comic interlude follows at the neighboring 8 X 8 ranch, where Bug Eye’s runaway homemade mower nearly destroys a flower bed. Back home, a curt buyer named Peter Peterson demands a forfeit and insists the Manleys deliver six hundred head to Red Rock instead of the usual Eagles, which raises the brothers’ suspicions. Scouting Red Rock, they spot Peterson conferring with the Leftons before the men board a train, reinforcing the sense of collusion. Returning to the ranch, the boys launch rodeo practice as Teddy mounts an unbroken mustang, setting the stage for both competition and looming cattle trouble. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

The Minute Boys of the Wyoming Valley by James Otis is a historical adventure novel written in the early 20th century. Set on the Pennsylvania frontier during the American Revolution, it follows sixteen-year-old Jonathan Ogden and a band of teenage “Minute Boys” who defend their valley against Tories and Mohawk allies gathering at Wintermoot’s Fort. The story blends siege craft, scouting, and rescue with themes of loyalty, courage, and makeshift soldiering. The opening of the novel frames the real-world strife over Wyoming Valley’s land claims and fort-building before shifting to Jonathan’s first-person account. He organizes a twenty-two–boy company, mans Fort Jenkins with scant ammunition, and faces a tightening ring of Mohawk scouts while quelling a near-mutiny after a settler’s sister is seized. Elias Shendle scouts Wintermoot’s, Jonathan slips through the lines, and the veterans’ ally Simon Bartlett joins him; together they fight off a lone attacker and dash back under fire. A night assault follows: Indians feint at the river, scale the gate, and the boys beat them back in brutal hand-to-hand combat, suffering one death and several wounds. Taking advantage of the lull, Bartlett, Giles March, and the girl’s brother pull off a stealth rescue by river and snatch provisions from the lodges; refugees then reach the fort with supplies, and the defenders confer soberly, bracing for the larger Tory-Indian force rumored to be advancing. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"The infant moralist by Lady Helena Carnegie and Violet Jacob" is an illustrated collection of cautionary poems for children written in the early 20th century. The verses adopt a stern, didactic tone to teach manners, obedience, charity, and self-control, often through exaggerated consequences and darkly comic twists. It is essentially a book of moral instruction, using brief rhymed vignettes to contrast vice and virtue in domestic and village settings. Across a sequence of short poems, a severe adult narrator addresses children who misbehave and those who do well. Cruelty, gluttony, envy, profanity, pranks, and disobedience are met with swift, sometimes disastrous outcomes—boys fall from towers after mischief, a credulous child runs off with a caravan and is lost to his family, a grimace is fixed forever by a change of wind, a planted mouse shocks an aunt into silence, and a vicious act of revenge nearly causes a drowning. By contrast, charity, politeness, courage, and thoughtful regard for parents and elders are praised, as when a girl brings food to the poor or a boy calmly saves his sister from a wasp. The settings and incidents are everyday—school treats, parlors, gardens, lanes—yet the consequences are dramatically amplified to imprint the lesson: heed guidance, curb impulses, respect others, and avoid violence. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"My country's part" by Mary Synon is a patriotic educational work written in the early 20th century. It explains America’s role in the World War and what citizens—especially young people—can do to support it, blending an inspiring fictional vignette with clear, accessible history and civic guidance. Expect a strong emphasis on loyalty to the United States, the meaning of democracy, and practical home‑front duties like conservation, fundraising, and volunteer service. The opening of the book begins with a short story about John Sutton and his resolute, blind grandmother, who senses the danger of divided loyalties as John’s father attends a secret meeting where Irish and German sympathizers plot un-American acts. She confronts the conspirators, shaming them as immigrants who owe allegiance to their adopted country, then takes John to the Battery by Castle Garden to recount her famine-era immigration, love for Ireland and deeper gratitude to America, and to bind him by a pledge to put country first after God. The narrative then shifts to concise nonfiction: the arrival of American veterans from France, why the war is a fight of democracy versus autocracy, how German actions pushed the United States from neutrality to a congressional declaration of war, and how the nation mobilizes—selective service, training camps, Pershing’s forces, and the “rear-line trenches” of the home front through food and fuel conservation, Liberty Loans and Thrift Stamps, and Red Cross relief. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Beyond the hills" by Maysel Jenkinson is a children's adventure novel written in the early 20th century. The story follows three siblings—Billy, Nancy, and Mavis—who, inspired by tales of Sir Walter Raleigh and Robert Louis Stevenson, slip away with their donkey Modestine to discover what lies beyond the river-hills. On the road they gain a new companion, the lonely Montague, and meet sympathetic adults, promising gentle, character-led adventures rather than high peril. The opening of the novel shows the children gazing across the Gleam toward the tantalizing hills, deciding to seek “the Unknown” with their rechristened donkey, Modestine. They depart at dawn, narrowly evade discovery by stern Great-Aunt Hewlett (who plies them with hot batch cakes), and breakfast while trespassing in a meadow, where a young landowner, Dick Frampton, indulges their enthusiasm by presiding over a playful “libation” to the God of Adventure; meanwhile, their worried parents search by car but miss them. The trio then meets Montague Francis de Vere, an unhappy boy chafing under a strict great-aunt, who eagerly joins after a hasty clean-up; with the help of a friendly ferryman’s son they cross the river, pass through a scattered village, cross the canal, and climb higher, pausing for a picnic and nap. Tired but elated, they head toward a nearby Priory to ask for lodging, where a genial, attentive man comes to the gate as the scene ends. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Mother's golden guineas" by Annette Lyster is a children's novel written in the late 19th century. It centers on spirited village boy Tom Adderley, whose hunger for adventure clashes with family duty and Christian conscience as he leaves his Yorkshire home, goes to sea, and finds his character tested by hardship, authority, and the hope of repaying his mother's treasured savings. The opening of the novel paints the close-knit, tradition-bound village of Burdeck and the thrifty Adderley household, especially the mother’s carefully hoarded guineas. Restless Tom quarrels over wages, briefly tries the forge, and—fired by the tales of wanderer Jeremiah Dwight—slips away at night with his mother’s money, reaches Liverpool, and ships out as a boy on a West India trader. Years later, as he returns prosperously, he is pressed into a Royal Navy frigate, loses his kit and savings during a boat scuffle, and grows sullen until kindly sailor Gideon Terlizzeck counsels him and reads the Prodigal Son. After Tom deserts at Port Royal and is recaptured, Gideon pleads for him; the captain spares flogging, Tom vows to do his duty, and the ship heads back to sea, setting the stage for his reform and future trials. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Hetty's garden-party, and what came of it by Emma Leslie" is a moral children's novella from the Victorian era. It follows a vain but good-hearted girl whose ill-judged attempt at social display leads to embarrassment, debt, and hard lessons about truthfulness, modest living, and useful work. Hetty Golding invites a crowd to a garden-party, pretending she has the right to use a neighbor’s grand garden and skimping on refreshments to keep up appearances. The event collapses into humiliation when the gardener confronts the guests, bills go unpaid, and Hetty’s mother falls gravely ill amid other family worries. Forced to face the consequences, Hetty writes a humble apology, endures public gossip, accepts a small loan to buy necessities, and begins teaching music to support the household. Her uncle later returns, steadies their finances, and Hetty chooses honest industry over showy friendships, repays her debts (including garden damages), and grows into a kinder, steadier young woman. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Dick Chester: A Story of the Civil War" by G. I. Whitham is a historical adventure novel written in the late 19th century. Set during the English Civil War, it follows the orphaned young baronet Dick Chester and a ragged, resourceful companion named Giles as they defy Roundhead forces to hold Dent Castle for the King, testing courage, loyalty, and honor. The opening of the novel shows Captain John Dent abandoning Dent Castle just as enemy cavalry approaches, prompting eleven-year-old Dick to swim the moat back into his home and, with the unexpected help of Giles, resolve to defend it. After a tense parley and a lesson in honor (Dick is stopped from firing on a flag of truce), the besiegers shoot down the royal flag, which Dick promptly rehoists; Giles then risks a sortie, brings in a wounded enemy, and learns artillery is coming. The pair draw lots and Dick slips out by night to reach the royal camp at Lumley, where skeptical officers mock him until Giles’s master—clearly the highest authority present—recognizes a shared token and orders Dent relieved. Immediately afterward, Dick vanishes through a secret panel, kidnapped by John Dent’s agents; fed lies by Master Purvis and carried south under guard, he is even confronted by a staged “Royalist” threat meant to break his spirit, setting the stakes for his rescue and the fate of Dent. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

Just his luck by Oliver Optic is a novel written in the late 19th century. It’s a brisk juvenile adventure about an honest orphan, Wade Brooks, thrown in with two reckless boys, Lon Trustleton and Matt Swikes, whose mischief spirals from stolen peaches to arson and a desperate flight. With small-town tensions, river escapades, and a hunt underway, the story tests courage and integrity as Wade seeks to clear his name and claim his independence. The opening of the novel follows Wade refusing to steal peaches with Lon and Matt, getting unjustly struck by them, then mistakenly whipped by farmer Garlick—who soon apologizes and gives him peaches when the truth emerges. At home, Wade is abused, denied supper, and while sneaking bread at night he witnesses Matt steal his father’s hidden cash; soon after, Garlick’s barn is set ablaze. Wade slips off to sleep in an old creek sail-boat, while Lon and Matt—who had plotted revenge and escape—burn the barn with a slow-match and board the same boat at midnight, unaware Wade is in the cuddy. By dawn, Wade stands up to the bully, secretly recovers the hidden wallet to return it, and steers for a village to find food. As Lon attacks him again, the boys’ fathers arrive at the boat, setting the stage for a reckoning. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

Lefty o’ the Blue Stockings by Burt L. Standish is a sports novel written in the early 20th century. It follows Lefty Locke, a rising southpaw in a tight pennant race, as he navigates pressure on the mound, a jealous veteran pitcher, a meddling new manager, and a tangle of affections that complicates his focus. The tone blends on-field strategy with clubhouse politics and hints of romance. The opening of the book plunges into a high-stakes game where starter Pete Grist unravels, owner Collier orders manager Carson to summon Lefty, and the cool young pitcher stops a Specters rally, duels sluggers, and then drives in the winning run. In the glow of victory Lefty meets Collier’s savvy daughter, Virginia, just as his true sweetheart, Janet Harting, arrives in town—leading to a painful misunderstanding when Janet spots Lefty escorting Virginia at the theater. Shut out from explaining, Lefty stews while Carson repeatedly uses him as a late-inning savior, fueling clubhouse friction and Grist’s resentment; Virginia notices the misuse and nudges her father. After a tense train-row with Carson, Lefty starts against the Specters, pitching in jittery bursts of brilliance and carelessness, leaving his teammates—and the reader—uneasy about his state of mind as the road trip begins. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Woodcliff" by Harriet B. McKeever is a novel written in the mid-19th century. It follows Madeline Hamilton, a spirited young heiress whose pride and impulses are challenged by the quiet strength and integrity of Roland Bruce, a poor boy of Scottish stock. Through seaside adventures, schoolroom trials, and domestic clashes, the story contrasts social rank with true nobility, emphasizing self-discipline, compassion, and Christian character. The opening of the novel introduces Madeline on the beach, where she defends poor children and befriends Roland after he stands up to two fashionable bullies, then later risks himself to stop her runaway horse and refuses payment. At home, her indulgent father and status-conscious aunt foster her willfulness until a strict governess briefly steadies her, only to be undone by Madeline’s spoiled cousin and finally resign. Sent to a local day school, Madeline bristles under firm discipline, but—prodded by Roland—humbles herself, applies to her studies, and publicly exposes a classmate who stole Roland’s exam, leading to his merited promotion. A vivid storm scene frames Roland’s tale of martyred Scottish ancestors, deepening the book’s moral and religious tone. Madeline then visits the modest Bruce cottage, offers practical help, and secures sewing work for Roland’s widowed mother, while her own French governess and pampered lap-dog provide comic contrast. These chapters set the arc of Madeline’s gradual moral schooling—away from vanity and toward courage, kindness, and true refinement. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"The children of Old Park's Tavern : A story of the South Shore" by Humphrey is a children's novel written in the late 19th century. Set along Massachusetts’ South Shore before railroads, it follows spirited city girl Dolly Winslow and her cousin Ned Park through tavern life, salt marsh work, and small-town politics, blending wholesome adventure with regional color and a hint of mystery. Cameos by Daniel Webster and the enigma of a shipwrecked woman called the Little Madam give the tale both historical texture and intrigue. The opening of the novel introduces Dolly’s visit to Park’s Tavern in Byfield during a bustling Whig convention, where her secret peek into the meeting-house leads to an overnight misadventure and a brave, clever ruse that scares off would‑be robbers. When news arrives that her parents must sail for Europe, Dolly stays on and is cheered by a salt‑haying sojourn to the Marshfield marshes, where Skipper Joe spins sea tales, she learns to swim, and she and Ned roam in their punt, the Daisy. Lost at dusk among the creeks, they are found by Daniel Webster, who hosts them warmly and shows them his library, farm, and famed hospitality. Back home, they befriend the Little Madam—a tiny, gentle amnesiac rescued at sea who lives simply on Hemlock “Island” with her cockatoo—and Dolly is quietly charged with watching over her as local teasing stirs concern. Inspired by reading Ivanhoe, the children dream up a tournament, and as Dolly’s thirteenth birthday dawns, a carefully kept household secret culminates in a joyous surprise. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Jibby Jones : A story of Mississippi River adventure for boys" by Butler is a children’s adventure novel written in the early 20th century. The story follows a crew of Riverbank boys who befriend the tall, literal, and endearingly odd Jibby Jones, a newcomer with an author father, as they dive into river mischief, fishing contests, and the tantalizing hint of a hidden pirate hoard. It’s a humorous, good‑natured tale of ingenuity, friendship, and life on the Mississippi. The opening of the novel introduces Birch Island’s stilted cottages and the boys—Tad, Skippy, Wampus, and the narrator—meeting Jibby, whose giant “jib” nose, calm logic, and far‑flung river anecdotes make him unforgettable. After Jibby fixes their balky motor and charms them with his offbeat thinking (like calling his too‑small clothes his “big suit”), the group pranks him with a tall tale about nose‑diving for pearls; Jibby dives anyway and, to everyone’s shock, surfaces with a large pearl that keeps his family on the island. A rainy‑day story from Jibby about the land pirate John A. Murrell—plus the clue “Riverbank” and the lone‑pine signal—spurs them to form a treasure‑hunting club, while a sapling‑catapult fishing stunt flings a carp into a tree, fueling comic debates about animals “climbing.” The boys then compete for Uncle Oscar’s fishing prize: Jibby seems to “smell” fish but actually wins by smart preparation—choosing a proven hole and “scouring” worms per Izaak Walton—before the section closes with the narrator’s dog Rover back home and howling, hinting that nightfall and new trouble lie ahead. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"The sailor boy : or, Jack Somers in the navy" by Oliver Optic is a juvenile adventure novel written in the mid-19th century. It follows Jack Somers, a spirited New England boy whose patriotism and love of the sea draw him into the U.S. Navy during the American Civil War. Readers can expect brisk nautical action, moral lessons, and detailed shipboard routine as a young sailor learns courage, discipline, and duty. The opening of the novel shows Jack electrified by news of a Union naval victory while his widowed mother worries over losing another son to war. When a naval lieutenant, Bankhead, urgently needs a skilled boatman to reach Fort Warren in a gale, Jack pilots Captain Barney’s yacht through a furious night, later rescuing Bankhead after a near-collision sends him overboard. Grateful, the officer helps win Jack’s mother’s consent; Jack enlists in Boston as an ordinary seaman, receives his kit, and learns the hard edges of discipline on the receiving ship Ohio—including a clash with a bullying mess-cook and a crafty, rule-safe “payback” advised by veteran Tom Longstone. Soon drafted to the sloop-of-war Harrisburg with a few new friends, Jack is assigned stations and roles, and the narrative sketches the ship’s structure and hierarchy as he eagerly awaits getting under way. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Les Mémoires d'un Parapluie" by comtesse de Elisabeth Galos Houdetot is a children's novel written in the late 19th century. Told as the witty “memoirs” of a sentient umbrella, it follows its journeys from hand to hand, using everyday episodes to explore kindness, vanity, poverty, and integrity. Readers meet a range of owners—from a prudent schoolgirl to a struggling seamstress—while the umbrella observes human foibles with gentle humor and moral clarity. The opening of the story traces the umbrella’s “birth” in a shop, its education among veteran umbrellas, and its sale (after hard bargaining) to a mother for her daughter Marthe as a New Year’s gift. Loaned up the chain to a bureaucrat, it finds its way back, only for Marthe’s feckless brother’s gambling and theft to push the family into a raffle where the umbrella becomes the prize and is won by the careless Madeleine. Forgotten at a Guignol show and filched backstage by Fifine, it lands in a destitute household, proves too risky to use, and is pawned; at the Mont-de-Piété the umbrella witnesses a gallery of human misfortune, then is auctioned to a secondhand dealer who sells it cheaply to Marie, a devoted young worker buying a fête gift for her mother. Soon the mother falls ill after a humiliating incident at work, and, late at night, Marie bravely sets out alone to fetch a doctor, encountering a boisterous group on the quay just as the excerpt breaks off. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"The loss of the Swansea: A story of the Florida coast" by W. L. Alden is a seafaring adventure novel for young readers written in the late 19th century. It follows Bristol brothers Jack and Tom, cast onto the Florida coast after a mutiny on the brig Swansea, as they face pirates, wild country, secret caves, and the lure of hidden treasure alongside a weathered ex-pirate ally. The opening of the story finds the orphaned brothers bound for America on the Swansea, where the drink-weakened Captain Fearing is overthrown by his mate, John March. Set adrift with the captain, the boys reach a Florida inlet, discover an abandoned pirate fort and a glittering cave, and endure a night of rattlesnakes and panthers. When another pirate gang appears and murders Fearing, the boys flee into the cave, are swept by an underground river to a hidden pool, and meet Bill Catchley, a marooned former pirate. With Bill’s help they blast open Blackbeard’s iron gate, wander a labyrinth, and narrowly find daylight again. They then slip upriver, steal back a boat, and push into the Everglades, where Bill reveals a long-buried treasure he once nearly unearthed. As they begin to dig at the marked spot, six armed Indians emerge and seize them. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Gay's year on Sunset Island" by Marguerite Aspinwall is a juvenile adventure novel written in the early 20th century. It follows fifteen-year-old Gay Annersley and her close-knit adoptive family as they decamp to a Caribbean island owned by her sea-captain uncle, hoping the climate will restore her ailing uncle’s health. Amid house-restoration, island exploration, and family teamwork, they stumble on clues to a legendary pirate hoard linked to Sir Henry Morgan. The story blends coming-of-age, survival, and treasure-hunt mystery with a strong emphasis on character, courage, and resourcefulness. The opening of the novel finds Gay narrating life in a New England household upended by financial ruin and her Uncle Charles’s breakdown until Uncle Joe arrives with a bold plan: sail south on his schooner, the Myra, to his newly acquired Sunset Island. After a calm voyage, they anchor in a lagoon, reach a long-abandoned planter’s house, and begin repairs; the Myra departs, due to return in two months. A hurricane passes, and wreckage bearing the Myra’s name drifts near the reef, a discovery Gay and Syd quietly fear may mean the ship is lost. The family organizes into indoor and outdoor “teams,” clears paths, plants gardens, and, while sorting an old chest, finds Rosemary Carreau’s 1804 diary describing a copied map to Morgan’s treasure—though the map itself is missing. They set out to circumnavigate the island, camp on the beaches, and take impromptu lessons in stars and shells before Reddy tumbles into a hidden cave complex that could be an ideal pirate cache. They camp in the caves, trade tales of buccaneers, and as night falls Gay wakes to a mysterious sound, leaving the early chapters poised between domestic enterprise and looming adventure. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Us, and our donkey" by Amy Le Feuvre is a children's novel written in the late 19th century. Told by lively Grisel Marjoribanks, it follows a clergyman’s spirited children in a rural English village as they scheme to buy a donkey, tumble into scrapes, and absorb gentle Christian lessons. The cast includes practical Denys, dreamy Aylwin, mischievous Lynette, and earnest little Puff, with village life, churchgoing, and neighborly ties shaping their adventures. The opening of the story introduces the Marjoribanks family’s move to a Lincolnshire rectory after their mother’s death, their new house and garden, and the children’s plan to earn money for a donkey. Each tries a scheme: Lynette makes toffee for the village shop; Grisel secretly rides the carrier’s cart to market to sell flowers and vegetables (earning praise and a quiet rebuke from her father); Denys sells trout after an awkward brush with the squire’s private water; and Aylwin labors in the hayfields. Church life and the knight’s motto “Semper fidelis, semper paratus” frame the moral tone, while Lynette’s impulsiveness leads to a runaway-pony incident that results in new friendships with Clarice and Beatrice at the Hall. A Sunday sermon on “Come, Go, Do” nudges Denys to teach the infants’ class, and little Puff’s earnest prayers are “answered” when Granny sends money—bringing the donkey dream within reach. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Rich and Humble: A Story for Young People" by Oliver Optic is a children's novel written in the mid-19th century. It is a moral domestic tale set along the Hudson River, contrasting wealth and character as a compassionate daughter serves the poor while her proud brother falls in with rowdy companions. The story centers on Bertha Grant, her wayward brother Richard, and the waif Noddy Newman, as family fortune and reputation are tested. The opening of the novel introduces the Grant household at Woodville: Bertha seeks funds for her charitable “mission” to the ragged children of nearby Dunk’s Hollow, while Richard, denied money for a boat-race bet, tries to borrow from her and then secretly steals her two half eagles—an act exposed by the faithful boatman, Ben. We see Bertha’s earnest work in the Glen—teaching, outfitting, and caring for poor children—interrupted when the wild boy Noddy Newman falls from a tree into the river; Bertha nurses him through serious injuries, softening his heart. Meanwhile, Richard rescues a man overboard, pockets fifty dollars under a false name, and quietly revives his plan to race Tom Mullen. Their father fails to come home; a letter hints at looming financial ruin. On race day the Greyhound is found sunk, raised by Ben, and we learn Noddy pulled the plug to stop Richard, who goes anyway. Fanny’s party is snubbed, and a shocking newspaper item about their father makes Bertha faint, leaving the family on the brink of calamity. (This is an automatically generated summary.)