The black spaniel, and other stories by Robert Hichens is a collection of short stories written in the early 20th century. It opens with a psychological tale of moral conflict and obsession over animal cruelty and vivisection, centering on the cultured traveler Vernon Kersteven, the eminent physician Dr. Peter Deeming, and their mutual friend who narrates. The volume likely ranges from European salons to North African deserts, blending society drama with eerie undercurrents and atmospheric travel pieces. The opening of the collection follows the narrator as he introduces Deeming to Vernon in Rome, where a dinner debate over animals turns heated after Vernon reveals his beloved spaniel was stolen and used for vivisection. Back in England, events take a tense, uncanny turn: Deeming abruptly leaves Rome, looks ill at Dover, and Vernon soon rents the house next door in Wimpole Street, shrouding his motives. The narrator’s attempt to draw out Deeming’s “black spaniel” ends with his own fox-terrier yelping in pain inside Deeming’s house and fleeing; shortly after, while the narrator is away, news arrives that Deeming has died from blood poisoning caused by a dog bite. A year later, Vernon—now an active animal advocate—impulsively buys a black spaniel from a street seller and receives the narrator for tea in the renovated, conjoined Wimpole Street houses, leaving the mystery and tension around the dog and Deeming’s shadow very much alive. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"The orphan nieces : or, Duty and inclination" by Lucy Ellen Guernsey is a novel written in the mid-19th century. The story follows Olive and Abby McHenry, orphaned sisters living with their uncle and aunt, as Olive pursues independence through teaching amid family tensions with her jealous cousin Charlotte and socially ambitious relatives. Blending school life, domestic trials, and early courtship, it weighs duty against inclination—especially when the charming yet idle William Forester enters their circle. Readers of moral domestic fiction and character-driven tales of young women seeking self-reliance will find its themes front and center. The opening of the novel centers on Olive’s school days at Mrs. Granger’s, where Charlotte’s barbs about dependence push Olive to consider teaching; encouraged by her friend Helen, she writes to her uncle and redoubles her studies, unexpectedly winning the top mathematics prize and weathering Charlotte’s public outburst. At home, her uncle supports her plan, her aunt initially opposes it but relents, and Olive and Charlotte move toward a fragile truce while Abby is groomed as a social favorite; Aunt Dimsden and Laura embody showy, status-driven values. During Olive’s final term, she practices teaching, reflects on motives for study, deflects shallow pity from idle classmates, and secures a promising position in Pennsylvania. Returning home, she senses Abby’s new volatility as William Forester pays marked attention; Laura hints at past proposals, Abby reacts emotionally, and Olive and Charlotte quietly worry about Abby’s entanglement while Charlotte, feeling aimless, considers setting herself a disciplined course of study. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Jock''s inheritance" by Amy Le Feuvre is a novel written in the early 20th century. It follows capable, kind‑spirited Orris Coventry, who accepts work cataloguing a great country‑house library while caring for her lively niece, Pippa. In the secluded world of Pinestones, she contends with the formidable housekeeper Mrs. Snow, her exacting sister‑in‑law Venetia, and the return of disinherited Jock Muir, whose presence stirs questions of justice, duty, and affection. Village gossip, a rumored ill‑omened house, and the pull of the farmland frame a tale of character and belonging. The opening of the novel introduces Orris in London, where a desperate letter from her sister‑in‑law Venetia (ruined by a failed oil scheme and abandoned by her fiancé) brings Venetia and little Pippa to her flat. Offered the chance to order and catalogue the Muirs’ famous library at Pinestones by Mrs. Calthrop, Orris moves to the pine‑ringed estate with Pippa and their maid, settling into the old nursery while the child thrives in the fresh air and befriends villagers. As Orris works, she meets local figures—the shy Miss Dashwood, the Rector, and author Mr. Dunscombe—and is startled when Jock Muir, the disinherited nephew, slips in through a window, befriends Pippa, and explains how he was edged out of his childhood home. Jock’s light, impulsive charm, his love of farming, and his frank interest in Orris contrast with Mrs. Snow’s hostility and with talk of nearby Ivy Towers, said to bring misfortune, where new tenants arrive and promptly lose their servants. After a tea visit to Dunscombe and the welcoming Prestons at Lilac Farm, Jock vows to help on the land and continues to visit—playfully revealing a hidden “powder‑room” and urging Orris to accept scholarly help. The section ends with Venetia’s arrival at Pinestones, bringing tension and setting up conflicts in the household. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Straußenpolitik : Neue Tierfabeln" by Th. Zell is a collection of popular zoological essays written in the early 20th century. The work challenges common “animal fables” and anthropomorphic assumptions, replacing them with evidence-based explanations from natural history and field observation. It examines the adaptive logic behind animal form and behavior, from hippos and giraffes to predators, domesticates, and birds, arguing that utility, ecology, and risk—not human-like motives—drive what animals do. The tone is skeptical yet accessible, appealing to readers who enjoy myth-busting about the natural world. The opening of the book sets the program: a brief foreword promises a continuation of earlier myth critiques, then the author refutes “improvers” who claim nature botched the hippo and giraffe, showing why bulk, long legs, and browsing diets are advantageous and why zoo feeding misleads. He distinguishes shame from guilt, arguing animals likely lack shame but may show guilt or awareness, illustrated with dogs, goats, and an ape understanding consequences, while reinterpreting feline “embarrassment” as hunting limits or habit. He explains predators’ caution toward humans as rational risk-avoidance given our unpredictable weapons, not awe of upright posture, and notes how hunger or infirmity yields man-eaters. He disputes that only herd animals can be domesticated, contrasting tameable solitary species (lynx, cheetah) with dangerous or impractical herd species, and stresses danger, temperament, and human utility as the real factors. He recasts equine “nervousness” as justified vigilance of fleeing herbivores shaped by predation, illustrated by zebras, deer startling at sudden events, and the contrasting boldness of defensive bovines. Finally, he questions claims that animals “admire themselves” in mirrors, using a titmouse at a mirror to argue recognition is misread, before the discussion cuts off. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Princess Puck" by Una L. Silberrad is a novel written in the early 20th century. Set in rural England, it follows Wilhelmina “Bill” Alardy, the awkward youngest niece of a fading schoolmistress, as she is sent to Ashelton to “grow up” amid village routines, gossip, and farm life. Around Bill orbit her poised cousin Theresa, Theresa’s flawed farmer-husband Robert Morton, and the outsider-farmer Gilchrist Harborough, with clergy and local ladies shaping the social weather. It reads as a domestic and social coming-of-age, attentive to class, marriage, and the gap between ideal and ordinary human nature. The opening of the story traces the decision to send Bill from Miss Brownlow’s declining school in Wrugglesby to stay with the newly married Theresa at Ashelton. Bill’s blunt conversations with schoolmates reveal her curiosity about men, marriage, and propriety, and her inner life is set against Theresa’s tidy new household. At Haylands farm, Bill cheerfully throws herself into chores, while Robert Morton’s drunken return from market—managed discreetly by Bill with the help of neighbor Harborough—introduces the first crack in Theresa’s ideal marriage. Bill later debates Harborough about loyalty, weakness, and what wives can bear, and she begins to meet Ashelton society through a prayer-meeting led by the self-satisfied curate, tea visits with observant spinsters, and Sunday church with the shadowy Harborough family chapel. She mimics the curate in private, takes in the village’s talk of old county families, and finds a county history bearing her grandmother’s name. The section closes with Bill, map in hand, setting out to walk toward Gurnett, her curiosity pulling her further into the district’s people and places. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"The phantom public" by Walter Lippmann is a treatise on democratic theory written in the early 20th century. It argues that the omnicompetent, sovereign citizen imagined by democratic dogma does not exist, and that public opinion is intermittent, external to real decision-making, and best used to align force behind workable rules rather than to govern directly. The work reframes elections as mobilizations that substitute for civil war and proposes practical limits and responsibilities for the public’s role in politics. The opening of this work portrays a disengaged citizenry and uses evidence of widespread nonvoting to show that expecting the public to master complex affairs is unrealistic. It dismisses standard remedies—better schooling, moral exhortation, more direct democracy, or socialization of industry—as unable to produce an all-knowing public, and recasts citizens chiefly as bystanders whose votes align support rather than direct policy. It then sketches an ideal of public action: to neutralize arbitrary force, enable settlements by consent, and leave substantive problem-solving to those directly responsible, with government acting as a professional intermediary. Next, it defines “problems” as disharmonies created by uneven change (illustrated by population pressure, automobiles in cities, naval ratios, and economic scarcity), and argues that rights and duties are enforceable promises shaping a workable modus vivendi. Finally, it says the public should ask only two questions—whether a rule is defective and who can mend it—using coarse tests of assent and conformity, insisting on open debate to expose special pleading, and, at scale, choosing between Ins and Outs when crises persist. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"The counterfeiters : (Les faux-monnayeurs) by André Gide is a novel written in the early 20th century. A polyphonic coming‑of‑age story set in Paris, it intertwines the lives of youths, writers, and worldly schemers to examine authenticity, moral compromise, and the forging of identity. Early focal figures include the defiant student Bernard Profitendieu, his sensitive friend Olivier Molinier, the literary uncle Edouard, and the calculating aristocrat Robert de Passavant. The opening follows Bernard as he discovers a hidden letter proving his illegitimacy, coolly abandons his bourgeois home, and secretly spends the night in Olivier’s room near the Luxembourg Gardens. At home, Judge Profitendieu reels from Bernard’s scathing farewell and shields the rest of the family with a lie, while his wife’s guilt resurfaces. In hushed, nocturnal talks, Bernard and Olivier trade confidences—Olivier’s awkward first sexual encounter and suspicions about their older brother Vincent’s entanglement with a woman. The scene shifts to Vincent, who, burdened by his pregnant lover Laura, is drawn into the orbit of the suave Passavant and the seductive Lady Lilian; a night of gambling brings Vincent a sudden windfall even as Passavant’s father dies upstairs and a younger brother keeps vigil. At dawn, Bernard slips out into Paris with only a few coins, buoyed by hunger, freedom, and the promise of “adventure.” (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Blackwood''s Edinburgh Magazine, Vol. 70, No. 432, October, 1851" by Various is a literary periodical written in the mid-19th century. It offers a curated mix of criticism, social and political reflection, travel writing, and serialized fiction typical of Victorian taste, including a substantial review of Arthur Helps’s essays and a new installment of “My Novel; or, Varieties in English Life.” The issue ranges across labor and sanitation reform, law and church questions, debates on slavery, urban morality, and continental affairs, while also carrying imaginative narrative. The opening of the magazine begins with a long, thoughtful critique of Mr. Helps’s works—dismissing his earliest moral essays as bland, praising his later “Companions of my Solitude,” and engaging his arguments on labor duties, public health legislation, slavery’s injustices (urging education toward gradual change), legal and church reform, and the “sin of great cities.” It then shifts to the serial “My Novel,” where Lord L’Estrange, shadowed by a lost love and resisting a dynastic match, debates purpose with his parents and with statesman Audley Egerton, muses on marriage as finding and forming a worthy soul, and fatefully encounters Leonard Fairfield and the ailing Helen. L’Estrange rescues Helen, recognizes Leonard’s talent and pride, reads his manuscripts, and offers two paths—government service or letters—leading Leonard to choose literature under the guidance of author Henry Norreys, who takes him in as an amanuensis and sets him to disciplined work. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"The Silver Glen: A Story of the Rebellion of 1715" by Bessie Dill is a historical novel written in the early 20th century. The tale evokes the 1715 Jacobite rising as remembered in 1755 by Barbara, Lady Fleming, drawing on authentic letters by Lady Erskine of Alva. It follows orphan Barbara Stewart as she finds a new home with Sir John and Lady Catherine Erskine, where family warmth, a clandestine silver mine, and rising political undercurrents entwine with figures like Betty Sinclair, David Pitcairn, and the anxious workers in the Silver Glen. The opening of the novel frames Barbara’s purpose: prompted by Sir Henry Erskine’s discovery of his mother’s letters, she resolves to record her memories of 1715 and the Erskine household. The narrative then shifts to Barbara’s youth, when she is summoned from school to Rosyth, crosses the wintry Forth, and reaches her grandfather, Colonel Stewart, in time to receive his last guidance—placing her in the care of Lady Catherine Erskine and Charles Erskine. After his death (and the loss of faithful Robert), Barbara goes to Alva, where Sir John’s genial charm, Lady Catherine’s steady kindness, and the lively presence of their young sons create a welcoming home. Daily life unfolds in scenes of estate improvements, talk of English and Scottish farming, and the discreet revelation of the secret silver mine in the Ochils; Barbara meets the household circle—including dour Aunt Betty, sparkling Betty Sinclair with her escort David Pitcairn, and the suave James Hamilton—and is led into the Silver Glen itself, where awe, danger, and an unwelcome flirtation hint at the tensions and intrigues to come. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"The literature of the Celts" by Magnus Maclean is a scholarly survey of Celtic literary history written in the early 20th century. It introduces general readers to the origins, manuscripts, myths, saints, and revivals of Celtic writing, from Ogam stones and early Gaelic-Latin texts through monastic learning to saga cycles and their European influence. The work maps key sources, periods, and scholars, arguing for the richness and enduring significance of the Celtic tradition. The opening of this study sets out the surge of modern interest in Celtic studies, citing Continental scholarship, Kuno Meyer’s optimism, and Yeats’s hopes for Celtic legend, before explaining the book’s aim as a concise, popular guide distilled from university lectures. It then sketches, in Chapter I, the historical backdrop of the Celts in Europe, their migrations and conquests, the linguistic split between Gadelic (Q) and Brittonic (P) branches, classical testimony from Greek and Roman writers, and the eventual literary awakening marked by Ogam inscriptions, the adoption of the Roman script, and early monastic texts; it also notes that the earliest sustained Gaelic appears in glosses and marginalia on the Continent, and situates Celtic within the Aryan language family. Chapter II focuses on St. Patrick as the first clearly identifiable Celtic writer, recounting the reliable sources on his life, his captivity and call, and summarizing his surviving works—the Latin “Confession” and “Epistle to Coroticus,” and the Gaelic lorica known as the “Deer’s Cry”—while acknowledging uncertain dates and later legendary dialogues. The start of Chapter III introduces St. Columba as Scotland’s earliest man of letters, a scholar-poet whose Iona community kindled a lasting literary and religious renaissance. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"The corsair; or, the little fairy at the bottom of the sea : A new Christmas…" by William Brough is a comic burlesque pantomime from the mid-19th-century Victorian era. Built on the popular ballet Le Corsaire and winking at Byron’s pirate romance, it mixes fairy spectacle, slapstick, and melodrama. Its likely topic is a swashbuckling pirate story turned into a playful Christmas entertainment in which love and magic try to reform a notorious corsair. The plot follows Conrad, a moody pirate, whose fate becomes the business of sea-fairies led by Serena, who vows to redeem him through love. On shore he rescues the vivacious Medora from a slave market, then survives a fairy-made shipwreck, only to be betrayed by his lieutenant Birbanto, who helps the renegade Yussuf abduct Medora. Serena thwarts a mutiny, and Conrad infiltrates the Pasha’s harem in disguise, duels Birbanto, and is captured. To save him, Medora pretends to accept the Pasha’s proposal, while Gulnare cunningly marries the Pasha herself under a veil. Medora frees Conrad and they escape; the Pasha discovers he is wed to Gulnare; in the woods Birbanto’s coup collapses as guards arrive and Serena grants mercy to the reformed lovers. A general reconciliation follows: the pirate vows domestic respectability, Gulnare secures her marriage, even the villains promise reform, and the piece ends in a sparkling Peri-led transformation to harlequinade. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Korsikan veljekset" by Alexandre Dumas is a novella published in 1844. It tells the story of twin brothers Louis and Lucien, who were conjoined at birth and separated by surgery. Despite living apart—one as a Parisian lawyer, the other in their Corsican homeland—they share an extraordinary bond that allows them to feel each other's physical pain and emotions across any distance. When Lucien must mediate a deadly family vendetta, this supernatural connection becomes central to their intertwined fates. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Over the straits by Ernest Haycox" is a sea‑adventure short story written in the early 20th century. It follows a small Alaskan cannery tender battling a violent storm to rush a cargo of perishable red salmon to the cannery, highlighting duty, risk, and quiet courage at sea. The crew of the Star leaves Ketchikan at dusk despite gale warnings because their hold is full of valuable Sockeyes that will soon spoil. Narrator Hal takes the wheel beside skipper Bob as engineer Al minds the engines, with Ed, Milt, Charlie, and the old cook bracing for the blow. In the straits they fight towering seas, a screaming wind, and the fear of a loose mast stay; the rolling threatens to throw the heavy seine table overboard, and Ed’s attempt to lash it fails in the blackness. The engine coughs, the Morey Light can’t be found, and exhaustion grinds them as they nurse the boat through a night of blind troughs and hammering spray. At dawn they limp into Cannery Inlet, scrape pilings, and dock, their understatement and weary jokes masking the grit that carried them across. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Ja hi van al África : Pessa patriótica en un acte by J. A. Ferrer Fernández" is a patriotic one-act play written in the mid-19th century. The piece, composed in verse, stages a civic send-off for Catalan volunteers heading to the African campaign, blending martial zeal, communal pride, and intimate family feeling. Set in Barcelona during a time of mobilization, the action opens in a public square where D. Lluís and local youths praise the surge of enlistments. Jaume, an elderly farmer, is refused as too old, while his son Jordi prepares to depart; Margarida fears for him, and Doloretas—Jordi’s young wife and cantinière—vows to accompany him bravely. The scene shifts to the waterfront thronged with townspeople, vendors, officials, and musicians. Rousing speeches exalt Catalonia and Spain as the volunteers, bearing a banner of the Virgin of Montserrat, are blessed by family and cheered by choruses of women and men. After emotional farewells and vows of courage, Jordi leads the call to embark. Amid music, salutes, and cannon fire, the volunteers board the boats and depart for Africa, leaving the city echoing with proud goodbyes. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Chambers''s Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, fifth series, no.…" by R. Chambers (Secundus) is a Victorian-era general-interest periodical issue published in the late 19th century. It offers a miscellany of nature writing, serialized fiction, travel reportage, colonial development, legal advice, short stories, and verse, broadly focused on everyday life, current progress, and popular instruction. This issue opens with Richard Jefferies’s luminous autumn essay on English forests, hedgerows, and gypsy life, contrasting roaming Romany camps with rooted farm labourers. Its serial, By Order of the League (ch. XIX), stages a dramatic unmasking: Hector le Gautier is exposed in Sir Geoffrey Charteris’s house by Lucrece Visci and Isodore—revealed as Genevieve—then condemned by the League when “Marie St Jean” turns out to be Isodore herself; finally, Valerie frees him from his bonds. A genial travel sketch, Christmas in a Dâk Bungalow, recounts a solitary Anglo-Indian Christmas of duck-shooting, a children’s service, and wry talk with the servant Zacharias. Two short tales follow: A Novel Adventure, where a traveller subdues a knife-wielding roommate only to find him rehearsing a murder scene; and Was It Murder?, a stoker who pushes a deranged driver off a speeding engine to save a packed train and later seeks moral absolution. A substantial survey, Some Aspects of Canadian Progress, charts the Canadian Pacific Railway’s route, branch schemes, trade (notably tea via Vancouver), prairie settlement, and the rise of towns from Winnipeg to Vancouver. Popular Legal Fallacies gives plain advice on making wills—attestation, revocation by marriage, and testamentary capacity—while Occasional Notes consider Atlantic “greyhounds” and curious army panics; a closing poem, The Two Seas, meditates on trust in sleep and death. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

Nora''s twin sister by Nina Rhoades is a children''s novel written in the early 20th century. It follows Nora O’Neil, a bright, poor West Side girl, and Kathleen Crawford, her wealthy counterpart on Fifth Avenue—identical twins separated in infancy without knowing it. A chance encounter leads to recognition, secrecy, and a daring exchange that tests loyalty and identity. The story foregrounds class contrasts, a mother’s steadfast love, and a girl’s imagination and integrity. The opening of the novel shows Nora spinning stories for measles-stricken neighbor children and hinting at a “twin sister” who seems imaginary but isn’t. We learn Nora lives with her widowed mother, a hardworking reporter, who secretly watches a Fifth Avenue mansion because Kathleen, the adopted twin, lives there. On a Sunday, a deaf cook mistakes Nora for Kathleen and ushers her into the Crawford home; the girls meet, and Nora reveals the truth, binding them in an instant, tender allegiance. Kathleen—lonely despite her luxury—later visits Nora’s mother in the studio, and the three share a rapturous reunion; to prolong it, the twins swap places for a night, with Nora “playing” Kathleen at the mansion, navigating stern Sarah, kind Selma, and dinner service, while earlier school scenes spotlight Nora’s ethics as she refuses to cheat on a composition. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"The History of the Norman Conquest of England: Its Causes and Its Results" by Edward A. Freeman is a six-volume historical study published between 1867 and 1879. This monumental work examines the Norman invasion and its aftermath, tracing events from Anglo-Saxon England through William the Conqueror's reign. Freeman championed Anglo-Saxon institutions and challenged Norman chronicles, drawing on decades of research to present deeply held convictions about English identity. Despite its scholarly reputation and enormous detail, the work's length and passionate Whig perspective have sparked both criticism and lasting influence. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"Dawid se reis na Groenland" by David Binney Putnam is a nonfiction travel narrative written in the early 20th century. It follows a teenage boy’s first‑person account of a summer expedition aboard the schooner Morrissey under Captain Bob Bartlett, collecting specimens and film in Arctic Greenland while meeting Eskimo communities and navigating ice, storms, and wildlife. The tone mixes lively adventure with practical, educational detail aimed at curious young readers. The opening of this account sets the scene with Captain Bartlett’s foreword praising David’s grit and explaining the book’s purpose: to inspire boys toward outdoor challenge. David then describes refitting the Morrissey, introducing the crew, gear, and radio, and their celebratory send‑off from Long Island Sound before rough weather, seasickness, and thunderstorms on the run to Nova Scotia and through the Strait of Belle Isle, where they meet their first icebergs and pack‑ice. After shipboard lectures, films, and ice navigation drills, they reach Greenland: at Holsteinsborg they land Professor Hobbs for glacial studies, trade and film, then move on to Disko (Godhavn) and Proven to barter for kamiks, ivory carvings, and model kayaks while avoiding taking essentials. In Upernivik they watch expert kayak‑rolling (and see Robert Peary Jr. dunked), help feed sled dogs, and visit eider‑duck islands to gather down, eggs, and specimens amid traces of old whalers. Crossing Melville Bay unusually easily, they water from a glacier at Cape York, trade for a kayak, net little auks, stalk seals, and rope down sea cliffs for eggs and nests. This opening section ends as the Morrissey, searching for local hunters near Northumberland Island, strikes a hidden rock in calm conditions and the crew scrambles to respond. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

"The works of John Dryden, now first collected in eighteen volumes. Volume 17." by John Dryden is a collection of literary translations, criticism, and polemical prose written in the late 17th century. This volume gathers his Life of Plutarch with a grand dedication to the Duke of Ormond, a specimen from his translation of the History of the League, a theological exchange with Edward Stillingfleet, and his English version of Du Fresnoy’s The Art of Painting alongside a celebrated parallel between poetry and painting. It showcases the author as biographer, translator, critic, and royalist controversialist. Expect erudite classical scholarship, vigorous prose, and wide-ranging reflections on history, art, politics, and religion. The opening of the volume frames the context of the 1680s English Plutarch with an editor’s note and a bookseller’s advertisement, then unveils a lofty dedication to the Duke of Ormond. In that dedication, the writer contrasts ancient greatness with modern decline, praises Ormond’s fidelity and governance of Ireland, castigates sectaries, republicans, and inconstant ex-royalists, and defends honest history against bigotry and partisan fabrication. It then proceeds to the Life of Plutarch, sketching his birth at Chæronea, family and teacher Ammonius, the humane cast of Greek education, his travels and relentless collection of sources, and his temperate, sociable character. The narrative outlines his Platonic-leaning philosophy, his ideas on oracles and intermediary spirits, his marriage to Timoxena and children, his Roman connections (notably Sossius Senecio and Trajan), and his likely public employments. It closes this opening stretch by weighing the uses and kinds of history—annals, history proper, and biography—and arguing for the special force and instruction found in lives. (This is an automatically generated summary.)